Essex walks into a trap of his own making at Lostwithiel, and divisions between the Lord General, Manchester, Waller, and Cromwell, lead to another missed opportunity at the Second Battle of Newbury. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Royalist, Parliamentarian, and Covenanter meet on Marston Moor, and the fate of the North is decided. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Prince Rupert campaigns in the North, Charles outplays Waller in the south, and Marston Moor looms on the horizon Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Charles I sends the Earl of Glamorgan to negotiate behind Lord Deputy Ormond's back. There's no way this will go badly. https://www.intelligentspeechconference.com/ Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Little, Patrick, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Lenihan, Pádraig, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rushworth-papers/vol6/pp238-249 For a full bibliography, see the podcast website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The Marquis of Ormond, James Butler, tries to come to terms with the Irish Confederacy. Political factions in the Confederacy, King Charles' meddling, the Protestant Irish lobby, the Covenanters in Ulster, the Parliamentarians in Munster, and Ormond's own personal desires make this a very painful process. https://www.intelligentspeechconference.com/ Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Little, Patrick, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, Confederate Ireland, 1642-1649, 1999 Lenihan, Pádraig, Confederate Catholics at War, 1641-49, 2001 Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland For a full bibliography, see the podcast website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The unpopular Cessation of Arms divides the Protestant forces in Ireland, and nowhere was this division clearer than in the province of Munster. Lord Inchiquin dramatically declared his defection from the king, to parliament, but he has different priorities to his subordinate, Lord Broghill. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Patrick Little, Lord Broghill and the Cromwellian Union with Ireland and Scotland, 2004 Ó Siochrú, Micheál, (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis: Ireland in the 1640s, 2000 For a full bibliography, see the podcast website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Matthew Hopkins, the Witchfinder General, faces humiliation on multiple fronts. His critics are uniting, his prosecutions are falling, and the ruinous cost of hiring him suddenly seems less worthwhile. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate This episode primarily makes use of the following texts: - Gaskill, Malcolm, Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy, (2005) - Levack, Brian, ‘State-Building and Witch-Hunting’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 - Purkiss, DIane, The English Civil War: A People's History, (2007) - Jackson, Louise, ‘Witches, Wives and Mothers: Witchcraft Persecution and Women’s Confessions in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 - Peter Elmer, Witchcraft, Witch-Hunting, and Politics in Early Modern England, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016) - Gaskill, Malcolm, ‘Witchcraft Trials in England’, in Levack, Brian (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America, (2016) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

We see the result of the Witchfinder General's efforts in the summer assizes of Chelmsford and Bury St. Edmunds. One was headed by the Earl of Warwick, a noble with little in the way of legal training, and the other by a triumvirate of two priests and a lawyer. One goes exceptionally well for the witchfinders, and the other... not so much. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate This episode primarily makes use of the following texts: - Gaskill, Malcolm, Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy, (2005) - Levack, Brian, ‘State-Building and Witch-Hunting’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 - Purkiss, DIane, The English Civil War: A People's History, (2007) - Jackson, Louise, ‘Witches, Wives and Mothers: Witchcraft Persecution and Women’s Confessions in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Old grudges and fears come to the fore in Essex, as word spreads that witch-finders roam. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Listen to the History of England Charity for Ukraine: Disasters Emergency Committee UK Government Guidance Amnesty International This episode primarily makes use of the following texts: - Gaskill, Malcolm, Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy, (2005) - Levack, Brian, ‘State-Building and Witch-Hunting’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 - Purkiss, DIane, The English Civil War: A People's History, (2007) - Jackson, Louise, ‘Witches, Wives and Mothers: Witchcraft Persecution and Women’s Confessions in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Matthew Hopkins, the infamous Witch-Finder General, begins his campaign through south-eastern England, as we discuss the opening accusations of the greatest and deadliest witch hunt in English history. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate This episode primarily makes use of the following texts: - Gaskill, Malcolm, Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy, (2005) - Levack, Brian, ‘State-Building and Witch-Hunting’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 - Purkiss, DIane, The English Civil War: A People's History, (2007) - Jackson, Louise, ‘Witches, Wives and Mothers: Witchcraft Persecution and Women’s Confessions in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The Witchfinder General, Matthew Hopkins, did not exist in a vacuum. How could this man, who had no formal authority, tour South-East England and not only execute hundreds of 'witches', but find cheering crowds and grateful magistrates waiting for him? Today's episode will examine the possible reasons why the Hopkins witch craze was so exceptional in its scale and brutality. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate This episode primarily made use of the following texts: - Gaskill, Malcolm, ‘Witchcraft Trials in England’, in Levack, B. P. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America (Oxford, 2013) - Levack, Brian, ‘State-Building and Witch-Hunting’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 - Elmer, Peter,Witchcraft, Witch-Hunting, and Politics in Early Modern England, (Oxford, 2016) - Jackson, Louise, ‘Witches, Wives and Mothers: Witchcraft Persecution and Women’s Confessions in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Oldridge, Darren (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader, 2002 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

"On History Daily, we do history, daily. Every weekday host Lindsay Graham (American Scandal, American History Tellers) takes you back in time to explore a momentous moment that happened ‘on this day’ in history. Whether it’s to remember the tragedy of December 7th, 1941, the day “that will live in infamy,” or to celebrate that 20th day in July, 1969, when mankind reached the moon, History Daily is there to tell you the true stories of the people and events that shaped our world—one day at a time." Listen here: https://pod.link/HistoryDaily Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Opechancanough, paramount chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, launches another surprise attack on Virginia. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Check out Why Tho? A Personal Journey Through my Record Collection: https://pod.link/1581184036 For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Pestana, Carla, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640-1661, Harvard University Press, 2007 Pestana, Carla, Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World Montgomery, Dennis. 1607: Jamestown and the New World, Billings, Warren M., The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century : A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606-1700 Ronald L. Heinemann, John G. Kolp, Anthony S. Parent Jr., William G. Shade, Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607–2007 Adams, Lars C. '"The Battle of Weyanoke Creek": A Story of the Third Anglo-Powhatan War in Early Carolina.' Native South 6 (2013) Treaty Ending the Third Anglo-Powhatan War (1646): https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/treaty-ending-the-third-anglo-powhatan-war-1646/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

With Civil War back home, England's colonies do their best to stay out of it. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Richard Middleton, Colonial America Winthrop, John, A History of New England Pestana, Carla, Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World Pestana, Carla, The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution, 1640-1661 Moore, Susan Hardman, Pilgrims: New World Settlers & the Call of Home Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Hill, J. Michael. “Killiecrankie and the Evolution of Highland Warfare.” War in History, vol. 1, no. 2, 1994, Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Blair Worden, The English Civil Wars 1640-1660 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Hill, J. Michael. “Killiecrankie and the Evolution of Highland Warfare.” War in History, vol. 1, no. 2, 1994, Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Blair Worden, The English Civil Wars 1640-1660 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Blair Worden, The English Civil Wars 1640-1660 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History David Como, Radical Parliamentarians and the English Civil War Conrad Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637-1642 Blair Worden, The English Civil Wars 1640-1660 David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Michael Braddick, God's Fury, England's Fire Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History David Como, Radical Parliamentarians and the English Civil War Conrad Russell, The Fall of the British Monarchies 1637-1642 Blair Worden, The English Civil Wars 1640-1660 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Armies clash at Newbury, and the king signs a truce with the Irish Confederacy Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Joseph Cope, ‘The Irish Rising’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

It's often overshadowed by the English Revolution, but the Scottish Covenanters achieved their own revolution between 1637 and 1644. Or did they? Thank you to all those who agreed to be interviewed for the series! Dr Andrew Lind Dr Chris Langley Dr Karie Schultz Dr Mikki Brock Dr Kirsteen MacKenzie Professor Julian Goodare Dr Louise Yeoman Dr Sharon Adams Professor Laura Stewart Dr Alan MacDonald Dr Claire McNulty Professor Allan MacInnes Dr Allan Kennedy Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Cowan, E. J., Montrose: For Covenant and King. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Vote for The Two Musketeers to be iHeart Radio's Next Great Podcast. The pilot episode can be heard through this link. Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Cowan, E. J., Montrose: For Covenant and King. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Dr Kennedy's Staff Page Dr Kennedy's Twitter History Scotland Scottish Privy Council Project Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out The History of Byzantium Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

I speak with Allan MacInnes, Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Strathclyde Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Owen Roe O'Neill returns to Ireland to fight for God, Fatherland, and King. Well, maybe not that last one... Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Jane Ohlmeyer, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Ireland, 1641: Contexts and Reactions John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Joseph Cope, ‘The Irish Rising’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Micheál Ó Siochrú, Atrocity, Codes of Conduct and the Irish in the British Civil Wars 1641-1653 Micheál Ó Siochrú, The Centre Cannot Hold: Ireland 1643-1649 Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Demetri D. Debe, The fifth earl of Clanricarde and the founding of the Confederate Catholic government, 1641-3, Irish Historical Studies Philip McClory, Assessing the religious, political and personal motivations of Owen Roe O'Neill in returning to and campaigning in Ireland, 1642-49 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

https://books2read.com/matchlockbook1 Listen to When Diplomacy Fails HERE http://www.wdfpodcast.com/matchlock Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion Of 1641 Jane Ohlmeyer, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Ireland, 1641: Contexts and Reactions Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Mark Kishlansky, A Monarchy Transformed John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Joseph Cope, ‘The Irish Rising’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

I speak with Dr Claire McNulty Dr McNulty's Twitter: @DrClaireMcNulty Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Peter Gaunt, The English Civil War: A Military History Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kenyon, J. and Ohlmeyer, J., The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1638-1660. Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Time Travels: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000y4y9 Time Travels podcast: https://pod.link/1533644817 Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Pax Britannica English Civil War survery: https://forms.gle/UbWqAp8CjQDcTrbC8 The Nineteen Propositions and Charles' Answer: https://oll.libertyfund.org/page/1642-propositions-made-by-parliament-and-charles-i-s-answer Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War Nick Lipscombe, The English Civil War: An Atlas and Concise History of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1639-51 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Listen to Wittenberg to Westphalia: https://pod.link/1035044409 For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion Of 1641 Jane Ohlmeyer, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Ireland, 1641: Contexts and Reactions Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Tim Harris, Rebellion Mark Kishlansky, A Monarchy Transformed John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War Joseph Cope, ‘The Irish Rising’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate The 1641 Depositions: https://1641.tcd.ie/ For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion Of 1641 Jane Ohlmeyer, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Ireland, 1641: Contexts and Reactions Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War Joseph Cope, ‘The Irish Rising’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

I speak with Dr Alan MacDonald, Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Dundee Dr MacDonald's Twitter: @estaitis Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Rethinking the Scottish Revolution: Covenanted Scotland, 1637-53 Union and Revolution: Scotland and Beyond, 1625-1745 Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion Of 1641 Jane Ohlmeyer, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Ireland, 1641: Contexts and Reactions Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Tim Harris, Rebellion Mark Kishlansky, A Monarchy Transformed John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War Joseph Cope, ‘The Irish Rising’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Witch Hunt Podcast: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07rn38z/episodes/downloads Time Travels: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b094d4hl/episodes/downloads Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion Of 1641 Jane Ohlmeyer, Micheál Ó Siochrú, Ireland, 1641: Contexts and Reactions Micheál Ó Siochrú, God’s Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland Tim Harris, Rebellion Mark Kishlansky, A Monarchy Transformed John Cunningham, ‘Politics, 1641-1660’, Cambridge History of Ireland David Edwards, ‘Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603-1641’, Cambridge History of Ireland John Jeremiah Cronin and Padraig Lenihan, ‘Wars of Religion, 1641-1691’, Cambridge History of Ireland Diane Purkiss, The English Civil War Joseph Cope, ‘The Irish Rising’, in Michael J. Braddick. The Oxford Handbook of the English Revolution Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

I discuss how we describe revolutions with Prof. Goodare Prof. Goodare's Staff Profile Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The Solemn League and Covenant of the Three Kingdoms and the Cromwellian Union, 1643-1663: https://www.routledge.com/The-Solemn-League-and-Covenant-of-the-Three-Kingdoms-and-the-Cromwellian/Mackenzie/p/book/9781409418696 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

‘Keeping the Covenant in Cromwellian Scotland: https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/shr.2020.0488 Dr Brock’s website: https://www.mdbrock.com/ Mapping the Scottish Reformation: https://mappingthescottishreformation.org/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Robertson, Barry, Royalists at War in Scotland and Ireland, 1638-1650 Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion Adams, Goodare, Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Cowan, E. J., Montrose: For Covenant and King. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The British School at Rome Research in Scottish History Podcast Follow Dr Schultz on Twitter Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The National Covenant in Scotland, 1638-1689 - Use code BB870 for a %40 discount Mapping the Scottish Reformation Dr Langley's Publications Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The National Covenant in Scotland, 1638-1689 - Use code BB870 for a %40 discount Battle in the Burgh: Glasgow during the British Civil Wars, c.1638-1651 Follow Dr Lind on Twitter Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Now that the champions of Personal Rule have been dealt with, Parliament takes aim at the mechanisms which kept the Eleven Years Tyranny in force. Star Chamber and High Commission are on the chopping block, and the bishops themselves are at risk. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Check out Pax Britannica Merch! https://teespring.com/stores/pax-britannica Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Patreon: https://Patreon.com/PaxBritannica Donate: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=8E2QUGEYZPBHL For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars Smith, David, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Thomas Wentworth faces his trial for treason. Listen to Revolution 1: https://pod.link/1547107431 Listen to Historical Blindness: https://pod.link/1163575703 Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Patreon: https://Patreon.com/PaxBritannica Donate: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=8E2QUGEYZPBHL For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars Smith, David, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Learner, Craig S., 'Impeachment, Attainder, and a true Constitutional Crisis: Lessons from the Strafford Trial', The University of Chicago Law Review The Earl of Strafford's Final Speeches: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Ie87AQAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PP1 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Follow Dr Veevers on Twitter Buy The Origins of the British Empire in Asia HERE Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Patreon: https://Patreon.com/PaxBritannica Donate: https://www.paypal.com/donate?token=o8YvWF6xKTcsS1U7xAzp2EqmYBGR5vQJwvIwI4VqZk4jXzM7iczctH2l9Yo9u0RcApBuid5Ojv9Qsemh Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

After the disaster of the Second Bishops' War, the English Parliament gathers once again. Prisoners are released, and new ones take their place - Archbishop William Laud, and Thomas Wentworth, the Earl of Strafford. Listen to Pontifacts: https://pod.link/1387540364 Listen to the Explorer's Podcast: https://pod.link/1161063301 Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Patreon: https://Patreon.com/PaxBritannica Donate: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=8E2QUGEYZPBHL For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars Smith, David, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Buy Providence Lost HERE Attend the Western Design talk on 13/01/2021 HERE Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The fragile peace finally breaks, and Alexander Leslie leads the Army of the Covenant into England. The Scots go out of their way to avoid violence against the English population, determined to keep their southern neighbours on their side. Charles' ill-prepared army musters to stop them. Listen to 10 American Presidents: https://pod.link/958858173 Listen to the History of the Netherlands: https://pod.link/1455131158 Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Patreon: https://Patreon.com/PaxBritannica Donate: https://www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted_button_id=8E2QUGEYZPBHL For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Adams, Goodare, Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars James Miller, ‘The Scottish mercenary as a migrant labourer in Europe, 1550-1650’, in Erik-Jan Zürcher (ed), Fighting for a Living Book Subtitle: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000 Smith, David, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In this episode, CavalierCast host Mark Turnbull speaks to 3 expert guests about the overshadowed Sir Thomas Fairfax, General of Parliament's New Model Army. Professor Andrew Hopper, Colonel Nick Lipscombe and MJ Logue discuss why he isn't better remembered, along with: Fairfax's family, military experience and the events he shaped. Reasons behind his appointment as General of the New Model Army. How instrumental he was in Parliament's ultimate victory. His 300 poems and poetic side. To find out more about the civil war, you can read various articles relating to it on my blog: http://www.allegianceofblood.com Please do subscribe to CavalierCast! You can keep on touch with the host on Twitter (@1642author) and Facebook (www.Facebook.com/markturnbullauthor). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

A guest episode from the Early Stuart England Podcast! The King's Welsh subjects rally to his cause, turning the western borderlands into one of the key strategic theatres of the war. Listen to the show here: https://pod.link/1405626360 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

With the Short Parliament dissolved, Charles raises a new army as best he can without English taxation. But across the kingdom, resentment and unrest spreads, and unpopular officers and Laudian churches face the consequences. Fanning the flames were an endless stream of Covenanter propaganda, circulated along Puritan networks and plastered across towns and cities, while the Royalists mount their own campaign for public opinion. Listen to Human Circus HERE: https://pod.link/1194921513 Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Adams, Goodare, Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars James Miller, ‘The Scottish mercenary as a migrant labourer in Europe, 1550-1650’, in Erik-Jan Zürcher (ed), Fighting for a Living Book Subtitle: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000 Smith, David, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

To understand the past, sometimes we need to examine our values and subject them to philosophical analysis. The British Empire was a complex, varied entity that stretched across the world and changed over the centuries. How do we understand the mindset of those people in the C19th who created it, or lived in it? This episode is designed to get you thinking and analysing big questions and unpleasant moral problems. Ultimately the answers will be down to your judgements. Be warned some material is upsetting and contains references to genocide, racism, slavery, the holocaust, abortion and critiques of religion. I hope you find it stimulating. Listen to Age of Victoria here: https://pod.link/1234105258 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

After the Peace of Berwick, parliaments meet in England and Ireland. The Irish Parliament goes off without a hitch. The English... not so much. Listen to Agoraphobia here: https://pod.link/1068901505 Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Adams, Goodare, Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars James Miller, ‘The Scottish mercenary as a migrant labourer in Europe, 1550-1650’, in Erik-Jan Zürcher (ed), Fighting for a Living Book Subtitle: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000 Smith, David, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

After signing a treaty with the king, the Covenanters find it wasn't worth the paper it was written on. The General Assembly meets once more, but the Parliament of Scotland is held up in procedure for weeks, before being prorogued. Aware of the danger of foreign intervention, the Covenanters continue their diplomatic offensive with fantastic results. Listen to Agoraphobia here: https://pod.link/1068901505 Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Adams, Goodare, Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars James Miller, ‘The Scottish mercenary as a migrant labourer in Europe, 1550-1650’, in Erik-Jan Zürcher (ed), Fighting for a Living Book Subtitle: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000 Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

This was the talk I gave at this year's Intelligent Speech conference. I follow three interned 'enemy aliens' during the Second World War, as the British Government arrested them. Their eventual fates were very different, but first they would all have to pass through the crucible of the Arandora Star. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

After reading and loving 1666: Plague, War and Hellfire I asked historian, author, producer and podcaster Rebecca Rideal on to talk about it. Buy the book HERE. Register for the Regicide event HERE Listen to Killing Time with Rebecca Rideal HERE Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

King and Covenanter call up their forces and prepare for war. Alexander Leslie returns to Scotland. We look at how the armies are armed and trained, and how Scotland's famous castles held up in the era of gunpowder. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Adams, Goodare, Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Macinnes, Allan, The British Revolution, 1629-1660 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars James Miller, ‘The Scottish mercenary as a migrant labourer in Europe, 1550-1650’, in Erik-Jan Zürcher (ed), Fighting for a Living Book Subtitle: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000 Alexia Grosjean, Steve Murdoch, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Steve Murdoch (ed), Scotland and the Thirty Years' War Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Veterans of the Thirty Years War were invaluable in the early Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and this episode looks at why. Why did so many Scots sign up to fight on the continent? Gold? Glory? Escaping a debt? Because they were arrested and forced to? All of the above. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars MacKenzie, Kirsteen, The Solemn League and Covenant of the Three Kingdoms and the Cromwellian Union, 1643-1663 Miller, James, 'The Scottish mercenary as a migrant labourer in Europe, 1550-1650', in Zürcher, Erik-Jan (ed.), Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000 Murdoch, Steven and Grosjean, Alexia, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Murdoch, Steven, Scotland and the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648  For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Jared Books from A History of Maryland covers the winding background of the colony Listen to A History of Maryland : https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/jared-books/a-history-of-maryland Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

I talk with When Diplomacy Fails' Zack Twamley about his new book, For God or the Devil: A History of the Thirty Years War. We chat about how the conflict is remembered, and what he's learnt after returning to the topic after seven years. Buy the book HERE Listen to When Diplomacy Fails HERE Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

A new prayer book sparks riots in July, more riots in August, a National Petition in September, a National Supplication in October, a new government in November. When things go badly wrong, they happen fast. Listen to the Research in Scottish History Podcast here: https://pod.link/1523363966 Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Adams, Goodare, Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars MacKenzie, K, The Solemn League and Covenant of the Three Kingdoms and the Cromwellian Union, 1643-1663 For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The confession of faith of the Kirk of Scotland, February 1638. Text courtesy of Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland: https://www.fpchurch.org.uk/about-us/important-documents/the-national-covenant-1638/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Despite being born in Scotland, Charles I left as a young child and did not return until he was in his thirties. Nevertheless, he tried to enforce his will much as his father had done. In one of the worst homecomings in history, the king would thoroughly antagonise vast numbers of his subjects. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars Adams, Goodare, Scotland in the Age of Two Revolutions. For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Wentworth and Laud try to reform the Church of Ireland, and face resistance. Plantation returns with a vengeance, and even powerful New English face the wrath of the Lord Deputy. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate Give Ages of Conquest a listen: https://podcasts.apple.com/ph/podcast/ages-of-conquest-a-kings-and-generals-podcast/id1446527049 For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580-1650 Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars Lennon, C, 'Protestant Reformations, 1550-1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland See the website for a full bibliography. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The political concessions known as the Graces remained a sticking point for Irish Catholics. They had bought and paid for them with taxation, but the last Lord Deputy had dragged his feet. Now, with Sir Thomas Wentworth in charge, perhaps the longed-for toleration would finally be made real. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Russell, C The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M, Monarchy Transformed Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars Lennon, C, 'Protestant Reformations, 1550-1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland See the website for a full bibliography. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Archbishop Laud spearheads the reform of the Church of England. Out with the new and in with the old, or so he said. Others disagreed and called for a different future for the church. The Court of High Commission and the Court of Star Chamber awaited them with fines, imprisonment, and mutilation. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Russell, C. The Causes of the English Civil War Kishlansky, M. Monarchy Transformed Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars See the website for a full bibliography. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Charles tries to avoid a parliament. Ship Money goes to court. The Hampden Case begins. Check out the podcast website Check out Pax Britannica Merch! Facebook | Twitter | Patreon | Donate For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War Mark Kishlansky, Monarchy Transformed Harris, T. Rebellion  Keynon, Ohlmeyer, The Civil Wars Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

After the devastating raid at Fort Mystic, the Pequot nation is left without allies as the English and their indigenous allies continue their campaign of collective punishment. Far to the south, the English colonies of Montserrat and Barbados establish their unique characteristics; Montserrat, an Irish island in an English Atlantic world; and Barbados, an economic engine powered by the enslavement of Africans. Check out Intelligent Speech here: https://www.intelligentspeechconference.com Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Richard Middleton, Colonial America Lipman, Andrew, 'Murder on the Saltwater Frontier', Early American Studies Winthrop, John, A History of New England Karr, Ronald Dale, "Why should you be so furious?": The Violence of the Pequot War', Journal of American History Katz, Steven T., 'The Pequot War Reconsidered', The New England Quarterly Grant, Daragh, 'The Treaty of Hartford: Reconsidering Jurisdiction in Southern New England', The William and Mary Quarterly Beckles, Hilary McD, A History of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement to Caribbean Single Market Block, Kristen and Shaw, Jenny, 'Subjects without an Empire: The Irish in the Early Modern Caribbean', Past and Present Hogan, Liam, McAtackney, Laura, and Reilly, Matthew C.,'The Irish in the Anglo-Caribbean: servants or slaves?', History Ireland Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

With Saybrook and the rest of Connecticut under siege, a combined Engish and Native force sets out on a daring raid to strike at the heart of Pequot territory. Vote in the British Podcast Awards: https://www.britishpodcastawards.com/vote Check out Black Wallstreet, 1921: https://www.blackwallstreet-1921.com/ Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Virginia Dejohn Anderson, 'New England in the Seventeenth Century', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire Virginia Dejohn Anderson, New England's Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century Richard Middleton, Colonial America Lipman, Andrew, 'Murder on the Saltwater Frontier', Early American Studies Winthrop, John, A History of New England Karr, Ronald Dale, "Why should you be so furious?": The Violence of the Pequot War', Journal of American History Katz, Steven T., 'The Pequot War Reconsidered', The New England Quarterly Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In the aftermath of Stone's murder, another Englishman faces a grisly fate at the hands of Narragansett allies. Massachusetts demands justice... from the Pequots? Vote in the British Podcast Awards: https://www.britishpodcastawards.com/vote Check out Black Wallstreet, 1921: https://www.blackwallstreet-1921.com/ Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Virginia Dejohn Anderson, 'New England in the Seventeenth Century', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire Virginia Dejohn Anderson, New England's Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century Richard Middleton, Colonial America Lipman, Andrew, 'Murder on the Saltwater Frontier', Early American Studies Winthrop, John, A History of New England Karr, Ronald Dale, "Why should you be so furious?": The Violence of the Pequot War', Journal of American History Katz, Steven T., 'The Pequot War Reconsidered', The New England Quarterly Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Communities from Massachusetts Bay establish the first settlements of the colony of Connecticut, and a drunken pirate goes too far. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Virginia Dejohn Anderson, 'New England in the Seventeenth Century', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire Virginia Dejohn Anderson, New England's Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century Richard Middleton, Colonial America Lipman, Andrew, 'Murder on the Saltwater Frontier', Early American Studies Winthrop, John, A History of New England Karr, Ronald Dale, "Why should you be so furious?": The Violence of the Pequot War', Journal of American History Katz, Steven T., 'The Pequot War Reconsidered', The New England Quarterly Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

As disagreements over religion and politics build in Massachusetts Bay, exiled groups of people establish new colonies in New England. Puritans back in London launch the settlement of a key strategic island. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Virginia Dejohn Anderson, 'New England in the Seventeenth Century', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire Virginia Dejohn Anderson, New England's Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century Richard Middleton, Colonial America Paul Lay, Providence Lost: The Rise and Fall of Cromwell's Protectorate Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Why did the Hotter Sort of Protestant fear for the Church of England? We look at why they emigrated to New England in their thousands, and how the colony expanded once they got there. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War Mark Kishlansky, Monarchy Transformed Harris, T. Rebellion Milton, A. (2015). ‘Arminians, Laudians, Anglicans, and Revisionists’, Huntington Library Quarterly Virginia Dejohn Anderson, 'New England in the Seventeenth Century', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire Virginia Dejohn Anderson, New England's Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century Richard Middleton, Colonial America Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In 1629, in colonial Virginia, there came before the courts one Thomas Hall. Or was it Thomasine Hall? That was the question. This was the first recorded intersex person in America – that is, apart from Native American traditions, of course (which we DO cover in this episode). The colonists didn’t know what to do. Today, we’re taking a look at perceptions of intersex in early colonial America, and all of the centuries of tradition that went into them, from ancient Greece up to the present. To read Hall’s case for yourself, see The Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia. Listen to the History of Sex here: https://historyofsexpod.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Whig, Marxist, Revisionist, Post-Revisionist. We look at these major fields of historigraphy, as we cover the first half of Charles' Personal Rule. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War Mark Kishlansky, Monarchy Transformed David Cressy. 'The Blindness of Charles I', Huntington Library Quarterly, Harris, T. ‘Revisiting the Causes of the English Civil War’, Huntington Library Quarterly, Harris, T. Rebellion. John Morrill, 'What was the English Revolution?', History Today. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

With the outbreak of war with Spain, Ireland once again became a serious concern for London. The Spanish could find easy allies among their co-religionists, and the kingdom was lightly defended. The solution? Offer a serious of political and financial concessions to Catholic Anglo-Irish and Gaelic Irish, in return for their assistance in the war. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ''Civilizinge of those Rude Partes': Colonization within Britain and Ireland, 1580s-1640s', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580-1650 Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War Mark Kishlansky, Monarchy Transformed Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin, 'Counter Reformation: The Catholic Church, 1550-1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland Colm Lennon, 'Protestant Reformations, 1550-1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Back in the reign of James VI/I, the plantations of Ireland came under official review. Middlesex, looking to cut costs and raise funds, looked across the Irish Sea to the growing colonial project of the Plantations of Ireland. Why were these costing so much money, why were they not bringing in profit, and why were they still so Irish?! Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: - Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ''Civilizinge of those Rude Partes': Colonization within Britain and Ireland, 1580s-1640s', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire - Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580-1650   For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Prof. Oldridge joins me to talk about witchcraft and religion in early Stuart England, The recommended books, available from all good retailers, are: Strange Histories (2017) The Supernatural in Tudor and Stuart England (2016) The Witchcraft Reader (2019) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

By the end of his reign, James is unwilling to entertain the more ludicrous accusations of witchcraft, and Charles continues this approach. Puritanism, the new bogeyman of the Anglican church, appears the most vocal supporter of the trials, and so the established clergy approach the topic warily. And the magistrates and judiciary have seen the last twenty years of legal precedent, of cases thrown out and judges publicly shamed, and have no interest in risking their careers. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax This episode primarily makes use of the following sources: Gaskill, Malcolm, ‘Witchcraft Trials in England’, in Levack, Brian (ed.) The Oxford Handbook Holmes, R., Witchcraft in British History (1974) MacFarlane, A., Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1970) Levack, B., 'State-Building and Witch Hunting', in Darren Oldridge (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader (London, 2002) Poole, R., (ed.), The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories (2002) A full bibliography can be found on the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Charles comes to terms with his French and Spanish enemies, and we examine what has been going on outside of Europe. The East India Company survives significant threats, while the Pilgrims gain new neighbours. Virginia continues its war with the locals, while Europeans in the West Indies commit a genocide. Complete the survey HERE: https://forms.gle/ojt6gRjBTzdyApF47 Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications. See the website for a full bibliography: Dalrymple, William, (2019) The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company Virginia Dejohn Anderson, (1998) 'New England in the Seventeenth Century', The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I Beckles, H. M. (1998). ‘The “Hub of Empire”: The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century’, The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I Lawson, Philip, (1993). The East India Company : a history Stern, P. J. (2011). The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Allen Ayers from the Political History of the United States podcast comes on to talk all about New England in the 1620s. Listen to the Political History of the United States HERE: https://uspoliticalpodcast.com/ Follow Allen here: https://twitter.com/USHistpodcast Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Thomas from the History of Aotearoa New Zealand Podcast tells the tale of Barnet Burns, a sailor turned trader turned Pākehā Māori. Listen to The History of Aotearoa New Zealand here:https://historyaotearoa.com/ Follow it here: https://twitter.com/HistoryAotearoa Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

I chat with David from The Siècle about the two assassinations we've just covered: the Duke of Buckingham, and the Duc de Berry. They were both killed for political reasons, but the reaction to their deaths could not have been more different, while their assassins, John Felton and Louis Pierre Louvel, were either celebrated or forgotten. Listen to The Siècle here: http://thesiecle.com/ Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Parliament is back, and they are not happy. The Petition of Right isn't worth the paper its written on, and King Charles had flagrantly disregarded the spirit of it. He was displaying worrying tendencies - promoting Arminians and crypto-Catholics, and violating the fundamental rights of his subjects to raise money. The death of the Duke of Buckingham, rather than marking a sea change in unpopular government policy, instead cements it. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire. David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Kishlasnky, M, A Monarchy Transformed: 1603-1714 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 1, 1618-29. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Dave Broker from the Industrial Revolutions podcast presents this guest episode on the engine, pun intended, of Britain's imperial might. Listen to the show here: https://industrialrevolutionspod.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

John Felton, the man who rammed a dagger into the heart of the second most powerful individual in the British Isles, claimed he did so out of patriotism and piety. That's probably the truth, but it wasn't the whole truth. Felton had serious personal grievances with the Duke of Buckingham, and had spent months trying to get his justice. We also look at the early years of the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, and his brushes with the Puritans and with Arminianism. He will play a central role in future Caroline religious policy and the outbreak of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire. David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Kishlasnky, M, A Monarchy Transformed: 1603-1714 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Charles, yet again, calls a parliament in search of taxation, but the Commons are willing to negotiate. In return for an acknowledgement that Charles had acted illegally, they will grant him subsidies. The ever-present thorn that is the Duke of Buckingham hasn't gone away, and the king still protects him from political attack. But impeachment isn't the only way to remove an evil counsellor... Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire. David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Kishlasnky, M, A Monarchy Transformed: 1603-1714 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

With Buckingham protected from impeachment, but at the cost of taxation, Charles finds another way to raise the money needed to prosecute a war. Buckingham, eager to prove himself, leads a new expedition in person; to try and save the Huguenots that his ships had attacked. The Siege of Saint-Martin was the lynchpin, not only of Buckingham's recovered reputation, but of Charles' money troubles, Stuart foreign policy, and the course of the Thirty Years War. No prizes for guessing how it will go. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire. David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Kishlasnky, M, A Monarchy Transformed: 1603-1714 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

At Sound Education I met up with Mike Duncan, creator of The History of Rome and Revolutions, and the author of the New York Times best selling Storm Before the Storm. We chatted about the state of podcasting, the differences between writing for the spoken and written word, the impact that the British Civil Wars had on future revolutions, and the most annoying revolutionary monarchs, among many other things. If you haven't yet listened to Revolutions, find it here: https://www.revolutionspodcast.com/ Check out Sound Education: soundeducation.fm Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

This is just a short catch up episode to share what I experienced at Sound Education 2019. I met so many great podcasters, many that I've listened to for years and many more that are now in my queue. www.SoundEducation.fm Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

As I'm away at Sound Education, this is a reupload of an old History of Witchcraft episode on the origins and development of Halloween. Today we cover the development of Halloween - its development from a Celtic harvest festival, which may or may not have involved the ritual slaughter of infant children, and its merger with the Christian holy days of All Saints and All Souls, emerging from the melting pot of American society as something new and old, traditional and commercial. Many thanks to Joe from the 80 Days - An Exploration Podcast for lending his voice to today's intro quote. Find his fantastic show on Facebook, Twitter, and 80dayspodcast.com     Today's show primarily relies on the following works: Rogers, Nicholas, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, 2002 Santino, Jack (ed.) Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, 1994   For a full bibliography, please see the website:  Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax The Recorded History Podcast Network: https://recordedhistory.net/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

After the disastrous Cadiz expedition, Charles calls another parliament. The small amount of taxation granted the previous year had been spent before it was even collected, and with the failure of Wimbledon the Stuart forces were in dire need of reinforcement and resupply. The only way was taxation, but parliament wanted something in return. They wanted the Duke of Buckingham's head on a platter. Check out Sound Education: soundeducation.fm Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire. - David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 - Kishlasnky, M, A Monarchy Transformed: 1603-1714 - Historical Collections of Private Passages of State: Volume 1, 1618-29. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Charles, fresh from his wedding, summons his first parliament. The previous year the House of Commons had been eager for war with Spain, and happy to pay for it. Surely they would be now? What grievances could they possibly have after just a few months of his reign? In other news, the Anglo-Dutch expedition to Spain gets monumentally hammered. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire. - David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 - Kishlasnky, M, A Monarchy Transformed: 1603-1714 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Charles inherited three kingdoms, each different in politics, administration, and culture. We also hear about the 1622 Massacre, the transformation of Virginia into a Crown Colony, and the marriage between Charles and Henrietta Maria, Princess of France. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire. Oxford University Press - Bottigheimer, K. S. (1978). ‘The westward enterprise : English activities in Ireland, the Atlantic and America, 1480-1650' - Canny, N. (2001). Making Ireland British, 1580-1650. Oxford: Oxford University Press - Kishlasnky, M, A Monarchy Transformed: 1603-1714 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

With the return of Buckingham and Charles from Madrid, the last chance for a diplomatic answer to the Thirty Years War fades away. As James' health worsens, his son and his favourite try and harness parliament to their own ends, which would one day backfire. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - Michael B Young, King James and the History of Homosexuality - David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The apple does not fall far from the tree, as Charles follows in his father's footsteps and tries to win his wife through a brave and romantic adventure! With his partner in crime, George Villiers, he will travel, uninvited, to the Spanish court at Madrid and woo his beloved Infanta through this selfless act. It doesn't go well. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

As war engulfes Europe, James is stuck between a rock and a hard place: his son-in-law is now wearing a stolen crown, and he still wants a marriage with its owners. He's also in crippling debt, and the only way forward is to call another parliament. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography -David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

What happened in James' first Kingdom while he was down south living it up in London? Rebellious lords were brought to heel and the Kirk was forcibly brought closer to the Church of England. We also hear about the first, failed, beginnings of Nova Scotia, and the much more successful colony of St Kitts, while the burgeoning war in Europe becomes a family affair for James. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography - Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ''Civilizinge of those Rude Partes': Colonization within Britain and Ireland, 1580s-1640s', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

What was the religious background to James' English reign? Was everyone on board with the established church? Of course not! We look at those who were content with the Church of England, those who wished for a return to Roman Catholicism, and those who believed the Church needed further reform. Outside of this debate were the Pilgrims, who thought the whole project was beyond repair, and were determined to make their own, perfect, society. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Milton, A. (2015). ‘Arminians, Laudians, Anglicans, and Revisionists’, Huntington Library Quarterly - Prior, C. W. A. (2005). Defining the Jacobean Church: The Politics of Religious Controversy, 1603–1625 - Questier, M. C. (1997). ‘Loyalty, Religion and State Power in Early Modern England: English Romanism and the Jacobean Oath of Allegiance’, The Historical Journal - John C. Appleby, 'War, Politics, and Colonization, 1558-1625', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire - Virginia Dejohn Anderson, 'New England in the Seventeenth Century', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire - Virginia Dejohn Anderson, New England's Generation: The Great Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the Seventeenth Century - Richard Middleton, Colonial America Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

A delve into the careers of two of the king's fond advisers/possible lovers: the Earl of Somerset, Robert Carr/Kerr, and the Duke of Buckingham, George Villiers. One rose to a great height, acquired riches and power, and came crashing down to earth like Icarus. The other would climb higher, attain more influence and wealth, and survive his king. These two men became manifestations, and major causes, of the Stuart Court's growing unpopularity. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Listen to The Siécle: http://thesiecle.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In this episode, we catch up with events across the Atlantic; the colonies of Virginia, Bermuda, and Newfoundland, and how they are faring. We also look at the ridiculously successful first decades of the East India Company, and get a glimpse of the fantastical levels of wealth that were on offer for investors in its voyages. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Philip Lawson, The East India Company : A History, 1993 - Munis Faruqui,The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719, 2012 - K. N. Chaudhuri, English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600-1640, 1865 - Zahedeh, N. (2001). ‘Overseas Expansion and Trade in the Seventeenth Century’. Canny N. & Louis R. (eds) Origins of Empire : British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century. -Stern, P. J. (2011). The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India. - Reid, J. G., & Mancke, E. (2010). ‘From Global Processes to Continental Strategies: The Emergence of British North America to 1783’. Canada and the British Empire. A full bibliography can be found on the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The death of the Prince of Wales Henry Frederick, the Prince that was Promised, almost derailed James' international diplomacy. Both the English and Irish Parliaments were summoned, with similar results. The King's attempt to renegotiate the trade relationship with the Dutch backfires horrendously. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - Alison Plowden, The Stuart Princesses A full bibliography can be found on the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Was James VI and I truly the witch-hunting, demon-studying zealot that he has traditionally been seen as? Today we take a look at the court of King James, and hear about the trials that dotted his early reign. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Holmes, R., Witchcraft in British History (1974) - MacFarlane, A., Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1970) - Levack, B., 'State-Building and Witch Hunting', in Darren Oldridge (ed.), The Witchcraft Reader (London, 2002) - Poole, R., (ed.), The Lancashire Witches: Histories and Stories (2002) A full bibliography is on the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

We say goodbye to the Earl of Salisbury, chief minister of King James in England. He had failed to bring parliament and king together, but he was indispensible to the government. International alliances are found with the Palatinate, as war brews on the continent, and the Great Equaliser comes for the Crown Prince. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - Eric Lindquist, 'The Last Years of the First Earl of Salisbury, 1610-1612’ - Alison Plowden, The Stuart Princesses - The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

The king's debts are skyrocketing, and the Earl of Salisbury has a solution: the Great Contract. With concessions from King James, and generosity from the Commons, England's ancient financial system can be reformed, the budget balanced, and unpopular traditions removed. Perhaps Salisbury will succeed in getting "honey from gall" after all... Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - David Smith, The Stuart Parliaments, 1603-1689 - The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

James' Privy Council, in contrast to the Bedchamber, was made up of Elizabethan-era lords, but three men in particular dominated government and parliament. Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, Thomas Howard, Earl of Suffolk, and Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton. They didn't all like each other, but they worked together to try and steer the king and control parliament. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In a special episode BT Newberg and I talk about the highs and lows of making a history podcast. What made us want to start a podcast? Why did we pick the subjects we did? What are the best and worst things about it? Peak behind the curtain! Go check out Dead Ideas: https://deadideas.net/ Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info  Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In the personal politics of early modern England, the personalities and desires of the powerful were the stuff of policy. In this episode we examine the actions of: Queen Anne, the closet-Catholic; Prince Henry Frederick, the dashing future king of three realms; Elizabeth, the gracious future Queen of Bohemia; and Charles, the bookish, slightly sickly, future Archbishop of Canterbury. That is, unless Fate intervened... Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Pauline Croft, King James - The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Both before and after the Flight of the Earls territory in north Ireland was forfeited to the Crown and purchased by investors. Even while the burgeoning colony of Virginia was facing its earliest challenges, it was in Ulster that most government attention was focused. Money, men, and materials flooded the province, determined to make this latest plantation effort a success. The experiences of English, Scots, Welsh and Irish would form the basis of the next two centuries of British colonial expansion. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Kennedy, L. and Ollerenshaw, P. (2012).Ulster Since 1600. Oxford - Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ''Civilizinge of those Rude Partes': Colonization within Britain and Ireland, 1580s-1640s', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire - David Edwards, 'Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603–1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland: 1550–1730 - J. H. Elliott, Scots & Catalans: Union & Disunion For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Compared to the kingdoms of Iberia, England was fairly late to the colonisation game. This episode covers the costly failures of Elizabeth's reign, and the successful, but still costly, attempts which James oversaw. Enormous death tolls from disease, starvation, and violence were not enough to prevent the foundations of British North America. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Benjamin, T. (2009). The Atlantic World: Europeans, Africans, Indians and Their Shared History, 1400-1900. Cambridge - Nicholas Canny, 'The Origins of Empire: An Introduction', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire - John C. Appleby, 'War, Politics, and Colonization, 1558-1625', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

A closer look at how James attempts to unite his kingdoms into one body, and the difficulty he faced. In Ireland, the English yoke tightens around both the Gaelic and Anglo-Irish in the wake of the Nine Year's War. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Smith, David L., The Stuart parliaments, 1603-1689. (1999) - David Edwards, 'Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603–1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland: 1550–1730  For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Despite the cheering crowds and warm welcome James received from his new subjects, all was not well in his new kingdom. As James would find out, England was not so different to Scotland. A number of plots against the king's life, spurred by fears or hopes for religious toleration, were hatched in the early years of James' reign. Some planned to be relatively bloodless, just another way to attract the king's ear. Others were much more... explosive in their intentions. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Nicholls, M. (1995). ‘Treason’s Reward: The Punishment of Conspirators in the Bye Plot of 1603’ For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

With the death of Elizabeth, the King of Scots travels south to take up his new kingdoms of England and Ireland. James faces an uphill challenge; his rulership style is vastly different to Elizabeth's, and he inherits a number of serious problems. Adding to this is James' insistence on political union between his two larger kingdoms; he wants to become King of a single Great Britain. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ''Civilizinge of those Rude Partes': Colonization within Britain and Ireland, 1580s-1640s', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Julian Goodare, The Government of Scotland 1560-1625  For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Sir John Elliott, Regius Professor Emeritus of Modern History at Oxford University, speaks with me in Edinburgh about composite monarchies and personal unions, the similarities between Scotland and Catalonia, the challenges that James will face as he travels south to take up his new crown, and how his and his son’s actions will echo throughout the century and beyond. The recommended books, available from all good retailers, are: - Scots and Catalans: Union and Disunion (2018) - Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 (2006) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

James VI was crowned king at one year old, and his early life was spent as the puppet of a succession of regencies. When he finally asserted his independence, he faced down a series of rebellions and strengthened his royal authority through fire and sword. His relationship with Elizabeth of England was complicated and often violent, and his vassals were insubordinate and churlish. Yet he would emerge at the dawn of the 17th century the ruler of the entirety of the British Isles. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ''Civilizinge of those Rude Partes': Colonization within Britain and Ireland, 1580s-1640s', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire - Alan Stewart, The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I - Julian Goodare, The Government of Scotland 1560-1625  For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Irish lords rise up against English domination, lead by The O'Neill, the Great Earl of Tyrone, Hugh O'Neill. England, already at war with Spain, dispatches thousands of troops to try and quell the rebellion. Felipe II of Spain sees an opportunity, and sends his own soldiers to assist the Irish against Dublin and London. This was the largest military campaign of Elizabeth's reign, and the one with the most long-lasting consequences for the British Isles. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Steven G. Ellis, Ireland in the Age of the Tudors 1447-1603: English Expansion and the End of Gaelic Rule - Harold O’Sullivan, Dynamics of Regional Development: processes of assimilation and division in the marchland of south-east Ulster in late medieval and early modern Ireland - David Edwards, 'Political Change and Social Transformation, 1603–1641', in The Cambridge History of Ireland: 1550–1730  For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

For generations, Habsburg Spain had been a stalwart ally of England, their royal families connected by marriage and kinship, to counter-balance the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland. This had been the state of things for decades, and upon Elizabeth's accession there was no reason to think that this would change. Calais had just fallen to the French, and English armies had been rampaging through Scotland just years before, and a French regent ruled in place of her young child. And yet, by the time of Elizabeth's death, Scotland was a close ally whose king would soon inherit the crown of England and Ireland, and Spanish Armadas had narrowly missed invading English shores. What caused this dramatic reversal? Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax In this episode I made particular use of the following publications: - Doran, S. (2000). Elizabeth I and Foreign Policy, 1558-1603 - Croft, P. (2005). ‘“The State of the World is Marvellously Changed”: England, Spain and Europe 1558-1604’. Doran S. & Richardson G. (eds) Tudor England and its Neighbours Find a full bibliography on the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Through a range of cultural, economic, and political changes, the old trading relationships that English merchants had enjoyed for centuries fully broke down during Elizabeth's reign. In their place, new opportunities for wealth emerged; new countries to trade with, new products to buy and sell, and a thinly-guarded colonial empire full to the brim with slave markets and gold mines. Opportunities aplenty for those with the naval expertise to seize them. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: - Clay C. G. A., 1940-. (1984). Economic expansion and social change : England 1500-1700 - Benjamin Thomas, 1952-. (2009). The Atlantic world : European, Africans, Indians and their shared history, 1400-1900 - John C. Appleby, 'War, Politics, and Colonization, 1558-1625', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire   For a full bibliography, see the website. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In this episode, we hear about the successive attempts by the Tudor monarchs to enforce their authority over their Irish vassals, a complex mix of ethnicities and religions that resisted any policy Dublin or London tried. They eventually 'settled' on outright displacement of the native Irish and the plantation of English settlers, but even that would not be enough to make Tudor rule unquestioned. Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax For this episode, I found the following publications particularly useful: - Steven G. Ellis, Ireland in the Age of the Tudors 1447-1603: English Expansion and the End of Gaelic Rule - Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ''Civilizinge of those Rude Partes': Colonization within Britain and Ireland, 1580s-1640s', in The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire - Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland British, 1580-1650   For a full bibliography, see the website. Go listen to 80 Days: An Exploration Podcast here: https://80dayspodcast.com/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

In the first episode of Pax Britannica, we meet the Tudor dynasty; the kings and queens who ruled England, Wales, and Ireland from the end of the 15th century until the start of the 17th. In this first of our foundation episodes we cover the basic timeline of the Tudor era, from Henry VII until Elizabeth I. I also explain the aim of this podcast, what we will cover, and why it matters! Check out the podcast website: https://www.paxbritannica.info Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PodBritannica/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BritannicaPax Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices