This is Episode 51. Our bird of interest today is the Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis.

This species is widespread across the eastern and southern US. It’s so well-known and loved that it’s the state bird for 7 states—more than any other species.

Northern Cardinals are among the most abundant birds in North America. They’re familiar denizens of backyards that visit feeders all year long. So it shouldn’t be surprising to hear that ornithologists have done a lot of research on this abundant and conspicuous species.

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode—which is Number 50— is all about Female Birdsong.

Songs are one of the things we love most about birds. They define the soundscapes of the natural world.

Even though humans have been surrounded by singing birds for millions of years, we still have some misconceptions about birdsong. Today’s episode is about a misconception of sex differences in birds… Of who sings and who doesn’t.

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Links of Interest

• The Forgotten Female: How a Generation of Women Scientists Changed Our View of Evolution
• Female Bird Song Project
• Video of Superb Fairy Wren female Singing
• Singing female Cerulean Warblers [Video]

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode—which is Number 49—is all about bird nests.

There are tons of fun facts fun facts here, since nests are one of the more impressive aspects of bird behavior and breeding biology.

We’ll go over the functions of nests, the challenges that nesting birds face, nest site selection, the many types of nests, and nest construction.

That’s a lot to cover, but I’ll try to keep this at more of an overview level. This is sort of Bird Nests 101.

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Links of Interest

• Why a Hawk Is a Hummingbird’s Best Friend
• Time Lapse Video of Blue Tit Building a Nest
• BBC Video of Baya Weaver Nest Construction

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode—which is Number 48—is about the “Pecking Order” in birds. Or, to use the more technical term, dominance hierarchy.

Our focus will be on dominance hierarchies that we see among birds within a single species. White-crowned Sparrows beating up on other White-crowned Sparrows, for example, as opposed to White-crowned Sparrows beating up on another species, like Lincoln’s Sparrow. The latter would be an example of interspecies dominance. But today, we’re talking about intraspecies dominance. Meaning within species.

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Links of Interest

• Pukeko video
• Pukeko fighting video

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This is Episode 47. It’s all about birds in the family Laridae. This is an ancient evolutionary lineage that originated over 70 million years ago, when the world was still ruled by dinosaurs.

Besides gulls and terns, the family Laridae also includes the skimmers and the noddies.

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Links of Interest

• Shoplifting gull stealing Doritos.

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode—which is Number 46—is about  a special place in the Malay Archipelago where two bird worlds collide. This region lies between Southeast Asia and Australia, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. And it’s crowded with about 25,000 islands, of all sizes.

Specifically, we’ll be looking at a geographic feature called Wallace’s Line. More generally, today’s episode will touch on the topic of biogeography.

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode is all about forensic ornithology. This is a field where specialists use scientific techniques to identify bird species from trace evidence. Evidence like maybe a bit of feather, a bone fragment, or a smear of blood.

Forensic ornithology is used to solve intriguing wildlife crimes like smuggling and illegal hunting. But it’s also helpful in other situations that don’t involve criminal activity. We’ll get into that side of things too.

Like a murder mystery novel, today’s subject is, pretty much by definition, morbid. I’ll be talking a lot about dead birds. Blood and guts and all that. I prefer my birds very much alive, thank you, and I’m sure you do too. But, despite the gore, I think you’ll find that forensic ornithology is a fascinating topic. It’s worth learning about, to better appreciate the ways people fight to protect birds.

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Links of Interest

• Chuparosa article
• The Remarkable Life of Roxie Laybourne
• US Fish and Wildlife Forensics Lab
• Forensic Ornithologist: Pepper Trail
• Forensic Ornithologist: Ariel M. Gaffney
• Podcast Episode: Ariel Gaffney, "Bird Crime Fighter"
• The Feather Atlas
• Feather Identification Lab at Smithsonian
• [VIDEO] It's a Bird! It's a Plane! It's SNARGE!

Errors and Corrections

• 10:32 - I said " Law enforcement offers..." when I meant "officers."
• 32:55 - I said "Yellow-billed Cockatoos," when I meant Yellow-crested Cockatoos

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode—which is Number 44—is about the relationship between coffee production and bird conservation. 

We'll get into how do different types of coffee cultivation affect birds, and the conservation benefits of Bird Friendly Coffee.

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Links of Interest

• Smithsonian Bird Friendly Coffee
• Bird Friendly Coffee [VIDEO]
• Coffee and Conservation

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode—which is Number 43—is all about the Common Loon, Gavia immer. People in Europe may know it as the Great Northern Diver.

This bird is a symbol of the northern wilderness in North America. It’s closely associated with lakes and ponds in the boreal forests of the northern US and Canada.

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Links of Interest

• Loon scenes in the movie On Golden Pond [VIDEO]
• Why Hollywood Loves this creepy bird call [VIDEO]
• Loon Kills Bald Eagle
• Animation of Common Loon abundance across the seasons.

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

2021 is over, yo! So it's time for the Annual Review Episode! 

We’ll be looking back at some highlights of bird science in the year 2021. What fascinating things did ornithologists and other biologists discover about birds this year?

I’ve picked 5 studies to highlight for you. These are stories that, in most cases, were interesting enough to make the news.

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Links of Interest

• VIDEO: A snoozing fox meets a plucky little black-crested titmouse
• VIDEO: Tapaculos Hunt for Truffles

References

• Bird neurocranial and body mass evolution across the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: The avian brain shape left other dinosaurs behind
• Shape-shifting: changing animal morphologies as a response to climatic warming
• Facultative Parthenogenesis in California Condors
• Lifetime reproductive benefits of cooperative polygamy vary for males and females in the acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus)
• Global abundance estimates for 9,700 bird species
• Drones and deep learning produce accurate and efficient monitoring of large-scale seabird colonies
• A supergene underlies linked variation in color and morphology in a Holarctic songbird
• A new genus and species of tanager (Passeriformes, Thraupidae) from the lower Yungas of western Bolivia and southern Peru
• Discovering the Role of Patagonian Birds in the Dispersal of Truffles and Other Mycorrhizal Fungi
• What the pluck? The theft of mammal hair by birds is an overlooked but common behavior with fitness implications

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode is all about birds in the family Hirundinidae. These are the swallows and martins.

Other than when they’re nesting, swallows are in the air almost all day long. This aerial lifestyle and that high-speed, erratic flight pattern can make it hard for us earthbound primates to get close looks at swallows.

But these flappy little birds definitely deserve our attention. They have many charms and talents that—with a little patience—we can learn about and see for ourselves.

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Ecologists and ornithologists have been studying the effects of wildfire on bird populations all over the world. Their research has resulted in many fascinating discoveries about the relationships between fire and birds.

Wildfires have been in the news a lot in recent years. In the western US where I live, enormous fires have been sweeping across California, Oregon, Idaho, and other states with increasing frequency and severity.

And who can forget the 2019-2020 bushfire season in Australia, which came to be known as the “Black Summer?” Then there were the thousands of fires that broke out in the rainforests and wetlands of Brazil in 2020.

This is all pretty bad news, no doubt. It can be gut-wrenching to watch beautiful wilderness go up in flames, not to mention towns and people’s homes. 

But if we temporarily set aside our emotions, we can take a more scientific, objective viewpoint to ask the question: 

Are wildfires harmful to birds and other wildlife, in general? 

It turns out there’s no simple “yes or no” answer to that question.

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Links of Interest

• Old Flames: The Tangled History of Forest Fires, Wildlife, and People
• Bringing Back the Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Are Prescribed Fire and Artificial Nests Enough?
• New Study Is First to Explore How Wildfire Smoke Derails Bird Migration
• These Birds of Prey Are Deliberately Setting Forests on Fire

This is a special episode, and the first of its kind. I answer questions from my listeners. It’s a fun, mixed bag of bird factoids.

Who were these lucky people who got to contribute to this episode? The specific listeners who submitted questions were my supporters on Patreon.

Of course, the idea is that our discussion today will be interesting and informative to all of my listeners.

This Q&A session covers things like bacterial diseases, bike helmets, lemon-scented juncos, and baby owls!

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Links of Interest

• Woodpeckers and Brain Injury Prevention 
• Bird song could hold clues for human disorders

References

• The role of ecologic diversification in sibling speciation of Empidonax flycatchers (Tyrannidae): multigene evidence from mtDNA [PDF]
• The Evolution of Stomach Acidity and Its Relevance to the Human Microbiome
• A Systematic Review of Carrion Eaters' Adaptations to Avoid Sickness
• Features of owl wings that promote silent flight
• Upwash exploitation and downwash avoidance by flap phasing in ibis formation flight

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode is about the seven bird species in the family Cathartidae: the New World vultures and condors.

This group includes species like the Turkey Vulture, Black Vulture, and Andean Condor.

Among these birds are some that people celebrate, or even revere. But others tend to get ignored, disparaged, or at worst, persecuted. I guess you could say our relationship with New World Vultures has been… complicated.

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Birds, probably more than any other aerial creatures, have amazed and inspired us with the grace and power of their flight. So just how do they do it?

In this episode, we'll look at the physics and anatomy of bird flight.

I’ll start off with the basics of aerodynamics as it relates to bird flight. That’s the meat and potatoes of our lesson today. But we’ll also consider the different ways that birds fly—their different modes of flight. Last, we’ll examine some additional adaptations birds have that make them high-octane flying machines.

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Links of Interest

• Bird Flight [Wikipedia]
• Why do birds fly in a V? Endangered ibis reveals its amazing secret
• The amazing muscles and bones that make birds fly

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode is all about penguins. All penguins belong to the family Spheniscidae.

Penguins are among the most bizarre and specialized birds in the world. Few other birds represent such a departure from what we think of as the standard avian model. The specializations of penguins—their adaptations—serve them very well for a life of diving deep into the ocean and of surviving in extreme cold.

These birds are wonderful examples of how “life finds a way”—how animals can evolve into radically different forms, adapt to incredibly harsh conditions, and still manage to look pretty darn cute.

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Links of Interest

• Extinct mega penguin was tallest and heaviest ever
• Melting Antarctic Ice Causing Penguins to Starve
• Nice illustration showing the relative sizes and appearances of every penguin species.
• Scientists Discover “Super-Colony” of 1.5 Million Adélie Penguins in Images From Space

In this episode, we’re going to look at wetlands as habitats for birds.

We’ll start with how to recognize—how to define—a wetland ecosystem. Then, we’ll get into why these ecosystems are so important to birds. How do birds use wetlands as habitat? Next, I’ll highlight a few examples of bird species that depend on wetlands. Then we’ll talk about the conservation issues surrounding wetlands, and how their loss is affecting birds.

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Links of Interest

• Wetlands International
• Where Are The World’s Wetlands? [Map]

This episode is all about the bird species in the genus Geococcyx. There are only two: the Greater Roadrunner and the Lesser Roadrunner. 

People in North America have revered the Greater Roadrunner for thousands of years. This bird features prominently in Native American and Mexican legends and lore. It’s usually depicted in a good light. Roadrunners are bold, clever, and fast—all admirable characteristics. 

They’re also large and conspicuous birds, so it’s not surprising that more than one culture has paid them some special attention.

Learn about the key traits of roadrunners and their habitats, diet, and breeding.

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Links of Interest

• Video: Roadrunner catching a hummingbird
• Video: Roadrunner vs Rattlesnake

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

eBird is a digital archive of bird observations. It’s a database of observations from across the planet. eBird users connect to the database via the Internet, to both contribute data and access data.

In this episode, we’ll start off by going over what exactly eBird is. Then, we’ll consider the characteristics of the scientific data that eBird users produce.

How do scientists make sure that data is of the highest quality? We’ll get into that too, as well as some useful tools that have been created using eBird data.

I’ll also give you some interesting examples of published studies on birds that used eBird data.

Links of Interest

• eBird best practices

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode is all about birds in the family Columbidae. These are all the world’s many species of pigeons and doves.

These birds are more exotic and interesting than many of us give them credit for. This is a widespread, diverse group that has been around for many millions of years. Pigeons and doves occupy many habitats across the planet, and they’ve colonized countless remote islands. Many of them are as richly colorful as parrots or songbirds.

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Alaska is a truly amazing place that is still dominated by nature. It’s a wonderful region to explore for anyone who loves birds and charismatic megafauna. Many of Alaska’s vast natural areas are relatively intact. They offer endless opportunities for visitors to immerse themselves in raw nature.

I recently returned from leading a birding tour in Alaska and I was inspired to make a podcast episode about the Birds of Alaska. 

We’ll first get a sense of Alaska’s geography, then we’ll consider the major ecosystems of the region, and then we’ll get into some of the overall characteristics of the birdlife of Alaska.

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Thanks to my newest Patrons for your pledges to support this podcast! I deeply appreciate your help and generosity. Cheers to: Michael R, Justin T, Anette S, David K, Jennifer, Henri-Claude B, Diana H, Jesse M, Pamela G, Carole P, Christine B, Teal, Vero, Emily R, Donna A, and Susan W!

The Shoebill is a tall, gray bird that appears more dinosaur-like than most members of the class Aves. You aren’t likely to confuse it with any other bird. It possesses a unique and impressive combination of size, color, and bill shape.

The Shoebill is a top predator in certain kinds of swamps and wetlands in Africa. It terrorizes not only large fish, but other small aquatic animals, like amphibians and reptiles.

This almost mythical beast of a bird is one of the most exciting species in all of Africa.

This episode is all about the Shoebill, Balaeniceps rex. What it looks like, where it lives, how it behaves, and its conservation status.

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Links of Interest

• Video of Shoebill chicks competing for attention at the nest

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

We hear the terms ‘artificial intelligence’ and ‘AI’ all the time these days. Beyond the issue of evil robots taking over the world, AI technology is helping scientists do some pretty amazing things in the field of ornithology.

In this episode, we’ll talk about what artificial intelligence is and give some interesting examples of how it’s being used to study birds.

We’ll also touch on some tools that use artificial intelligence to help you in your quest to identify birds.

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Links of Interest

• BirdCast
• BirdNet
• Merlin
• iNaturalist
• Haiku Box
• Digital Guide monocular 

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

New World Warblers are all the birds in the family Parulidae. You’ll sometimes hear these birds referred to as ‘Wood-Warblers.’

New World Warblers are among the most celebrated and sought after birds in North America. We love them here. They’re colorful, they’re energetic, and many of them have pleasant little songs.

These birds have also been the subjects of many scientific studies over the years. Which is great, because it means there’s a lot that ornithologists know about the biology of these magnificent little creatures.

{Special thanks to Sue Riffe for permission to use her Kirtland's Warbler recording}

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Links of Interest

• How to Avoid Getting Warbler Neck

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode is all about how birds choose their mates and the evolutionary outcomes of those choices.

A lot of what we’re talking about today has to do with sexual selection, which is a special form of natural selection. 

In sexual selection, individuals compete for mates. This is when females and males choose their partners based on specific traits. Traits like plumage color or song, behavior, etc.

This choosiness has resulted in some spectacular features in birds. Many of the things we love most about birds are consequences of sexual selection.

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Links of Interest

• Video of Long-tailed Manakin Display

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Birds in the family Scolopacidae include all the world’s sandpipers and birds such as godwits, curlews, snipes, dowitchers, willets, stints, and more.

We know these as familiar ‘shorebirds.’ They haunt coastal habitats from autumn through spring (Oct to Apr, or so). But in summer most of them migrate long distances to breed in the highest temperate latitudes or in the Arctic.

Learn about sandpiper diversity, evolution, feeding, and more in this episode.

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Our understanding of bird brains and intelligence has grown tremendously in the last couple decades.

Thanks to countless scientific studies, we now know that many bird species are highly intelligent. Some of them perform better than primates, dogs, and young children on certain cognitive tests.

In this episode, we look at how intelligence is defined and some evidence for it in birds. We have a look at the avian brain and consider how intelligence evolved in birds.

Which birds are the smartest? Which birds are numbskulls? Have a listen and find out!

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Links of Interest

• Book: The Genius of Birds
• Book: Bird Brain
• New Caledonian Crow Video 1
• New Caledonian Crow Video 2
• Kea Video

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

The Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) is a charming bird found in the arid southwest of the United States, as well as in Mexico and down to southern South America.

This bright red flycatcher is a favorite of birders and bird photographers. Join Ivan as he introduces you to the basic features of this species. 

We’ll also take a look at some interesting questions, like “Why are the Vermilion Flycatchers of Lima, Peru so dark and sooty-looking?”

Note: Some ornithological authorities have now split this species into several. Under this new classification, the birds found in the US, Mexico, and northern South American are Pyrocephalus obscurus, not P. rubinus.

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Join Ivan as he wades into the conservation quagmire surrounding house cats and their effects on wild birds.

First, we’ll look at the status of house cat and feral cat populations around the world. How are all these free-ranging cats affecting our wild birds? 

Many scientific studies of this issue give us some answers. Research also provides guidance for how best to solve the problems that cats create for birds. Some approaches are more severe than others.

We’ll also go over a few ways that responsible cat owners can help protect their local birds as well as keep their kitty happy.

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Links of Interest

• Further Reading: The Moral Cost of Cats
• Catio Tours in Portland, Oregon

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

All about the ‘true’ finches, the species belonging to the family Fringillidae. 

These small songbirds are found in many places around the world. Most of them specialize in eating seeds. 

Not every bird we commonly call ‘finch’ is a member of this family. And the family includes many birds that don’t have the word ‘finch’ in their common name. Confusing? Yes. We’ll try to clear some of this up for you.

Learn about the key features of finches as well as their global distribution, evolution, feeding, and more.

There’s lots of fun stuff to know about these charming birds!

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Winter can be a cold, dark time when food is scarce. Birds fight to stay alive during this season by using a variety of behavioral and physiological adaptations. Many of these are the same things you and I would do. But birds also have some amazing, unique adaptations to winter that we can only marvel at.

Learn how birds generate heat and conserve it, and about the challenges they face in the cold season.

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Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Kingfishers—all the birds in the family Alcedinidae—are the focus of this episode. There are many species of these charismatic birds living across the world.

Learn about their key features, global distribution, evolution, feeding, and more.

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Links of Interest

• Slow-motion video of diving kingfisher 1
• Video of Pied Kingfisher hunting
• How a kingfisher helped reshape Japan's bullet train

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Despite much of human civilization grinding to a halt in 2020, research on birds continued to be published in scientific journals.

Through this research, we learned many new things about our avian friends.

In this episode, let’s look at 5 interesting bird studies from 2020. If you want to learn more about them, check out the links below.

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At the end of the episode, I share a little personal note. :) Happy New Year!

1. A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection
2. Dense sampling of bird diversity increases power of comparative genomics
3. The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot
4. Phenological synchronization of seasonal bird migration with vegetation greenness across dietary guilds
5. The phantom chorus: birdsong boosts human well-being in protected areas

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode focuses on the biological family Anatidae. This family includes the over 150 species of ducks, geese, and swans in the world.

First, we highlight the key features shared by these birds, as well as some differences among them. We also discuss their diversity and distribution.

We continue by examining the duck’s bill and the various things these birds eat.

Breeding, migration, and conservation round out our look at this fascinating group of birds.

Along the way, we goof around and have some fun.

Links of Interest

• Why a Female Duck Was Spotted with a Huge Brood of 76 Ducklings

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Sometimes birds of many feathers flock together. Mixed-species foraging flocks are seen in forests all across the world. Different combinations of species are found in each region.

First, we talk about what mixed-species flocks look and act like. Then we get into the major scientific hypotheses for why these flocks exist at all.

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

This episode is all about the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), of the family Falconidae.

Learn about this incredible bird's key features, its global diversity, feeding behavior, and more.

Links of Interest

• Short video about Peregrine Falcons
• Peregrine Falcons under threat from systematic persecution, says RSPB

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

The definition of ‘species’ isn’t as simple as you might think. In this episode, we look at the methods ornithologists use to identify and name bird species. And we discuss the challenges they face in this work.

We begin by highlighting the reasons that scientists need to classify birds as species.

Next, we get into several definitions of ‘species’ and the pros and cons of applying these.

We then look at several case studies of birds to see how they’ve been classified.

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Summary
Pelicans are large, peculiar waterbirds with a unique way of feeding. Using their long bills and throat pouches, they scoop up fish and other prey from water. Some pelican species plunge dive from the air, others work in cooperative groups to improve their chances of fishing success.

In this episode, we focus on the family Pelecanidae. We go through the characteristics of pelicans, with a focus on their bill and throat pouch.

We also discuss the feeding strategies of pelicans, how they breed, and their evolution.

Finally, we touch on some issues about the conservation of pelicans.

Along the way, we’ll do some myth-busting. There are several misconceptions about pelicans that we need to address.

Links of Interest

• Video about the plunge-diving adaptations of Brown Pelicans
• Video from the BBC about pelicans eating Cape Gannet chicks

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Summary
The feather is one of the most iconic symbols of nature. Feathers are indispensable to birds, serving many critically important functions. 

In this episode, we explore those functions after looking closely at the anatomy—the structure—of a feather.

We discuss the 6 types of feathers: contour feathers, flight feathers, down, semiplumes, bristles, and filoplumes.

Some functions we explore are flight, insulation, and camouflage.

Links of Interest

• Hairs, feathers and scales have a lot in common
• Video about water repellency in bird feathers
• Video of Club-winged Manakin courtship display

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Errors and Clarifications

• Error - At 00:44, I used the word ‘historic,’ when I should have said ‘historical.’
• Error - At 06:13, I goofed on the word ‘stratum,’ saying ‘strateum’ by accident.

Attributions

• Club-winged Manakin - Recording XC248570 on Xeno Canto
• Club-winged Manakin - Recording XC248573  on Xeno Canto

Summary
Brood parasitism is a strange and fascinating behavior that we see (in one form or another) in several hundred bird species.

This is where a female lays an egg in the nest of another bird. The parasite female flies away and never sees her offspring. The host bird or birds are fooled into raising the foreign chick as their own.

Learn about which types of birds use this breeding strategy, including cuckoos and cowbirds.

We’ll discuss the various tactics used by both the parasites and their hosts in this evolutionary arms race. And we’ll get into some ins and outs of the evolutionary process in these birds.

Links of Interest

• Video of a cuckoo parasitizing the nest of a parrotbill

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Errors and Clarifications

• At 07:38, I say that the only obligate brood parasite bird species in North America is the Brown-headed Cowbird. But the Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus) lives in Mexico year round and breeds in some southern American states (AZ, CA, NM, TX, and LA).

Summary
Learn about the amazing birds in the family Picidae—the woodpeckers. These charismatic birds have a suite of adaptations that make them excellent at the job of excavating wood. 

In this episode, we first summarize the key features of woodpeckers.

Then we’ll look at the evolution and modern-day diversity of the family.

We discuss many of the special adaptations of woodpeckers, which they use as they go about their day, foraging.

How woodpeckers breed and communicate and a bit about their conservation status round out the episode.

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• Dean Hale Woodpecker Festival in Sisters, Oregon (USA)

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Summary
When birds disappear at night, where do they go and what are they doing? Most of them are sleeping, of course. But sleep in birds differs greatly from what you and I do.

In this episode, we discuss the most important functions of sleep in birds. Then we get into the evolution of sleep in birds.

Along the way, we’ll talk about the similarities and differences of sleep between birds and mammals like us.

Last, we cover where and how birds sleep, regarding location, posture, etc.

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• Avian Sleep Group at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology
• Common Swifts Fly for 10 Months Without Landing
• The bird-like dinosaur Mei Long  (“Sleeping Dragon”)

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Errors and Clarifications

• I said that the fossil of the bird-like dinosaur Mei Long (“Sleeping Dragon”) was discovered in 2010. It was actually discovered in 2004. 

Summary

Birds around the world are in trouble. Their populations have suffered major declines in the last 50 years.

What does the latest research tell us about the causes of these declines? What are the biggest threats to our most vulnerable bird species?

You can probably guess some of the answers, but you might be surprised by some of what you learn in this episode.

We’ll cover the top five major threats in some detail.

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• Birdlife International
• State of the World's Birds 2018
• WWF report 2020
• IUCN Red List
• List of Bird Species that have gone extinct since 1500
• Global Footprint Network

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Episode: 8

Summary

The remarkable behavioral and anatomical features of hummingbirds are what make them so endearing to us. The way they fly, their colors, and their penchant for flowers have all made hummingbirds rock stars of the avian world.

In this episode, we focus entirely on the hummingbird family, Trochilidae. 

I’ll first give you an overview of hummingbird evolution. Then, we’ll discuss their present-day diversity and distribution.

Then we dive into an assortment of fun topics about hummingbirds, including flight, metabolism, and breeding.

At the end of the episode, I talk about feeding hummingbirds-- how to do it right and some of the interesting consequences.

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• Slow-motion video of a hummingbird catching insects in flight (i.e. hawking)

Research Citations

• Fossil hummingbirds found in Germany (Mayr. 2004. Science)
• Hummingbird diversification in South America (McGuire et al. 2014. Current Biology)
• Sweetness receptors and genes in hummingbirds (Baldwin et al. 2014. Science)

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Episode: 7

Summary

It can be argued that, of all the animals, birds are the best at seeing stuff. Most species have an excellent sense of sight.

In this episode, I’ll first introduce you to the anatomy of a bird’s eye.

Then, we’ll look into (see what I did there?) how birds perceive color and their visual acuity.

And last we’ll talk about the difference between monocular and binocular vision in birds.

Research Citations

• Wild hummingbirds and ultraviolet colors (Stoddard et al. 2020. PNAS)
• Seemingly monochromatic birds are more colorful under UV light (Eaton. 2005. PNAS)

‍Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Episode: 6

Summary

This episode is Part 2 of 2 about Bird Songs. 

In the last episode, Part 1, we talked mostly about the “how” and the “who” of bird songs. We haven’t really talked about the “why,” the purpose of all these vocal sounds. This episode begins by looking at the functions of bird songs and calls.

Then we get into variation in bird songs, at several levels, including among species and among geographic regions.

You’ll also learn about some interesting subtopics like the dawn chorus and female songs.‍‍

Research Citations

• White-throated Sparrow viral dialect study (Otter et al. 2020. Current Biology)

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• BirdNet
• Female Bird Songs

Attributions

• White-crowned Sparrow singing - Recording XC565001 on Xeno Canto
• White-crowned Sparrow singing - Recording XC99572 on Xeno Canto
• Black-capped Chickadee singing - Recording XC70185 on Xeno Canto
• Red-tailed Hawk - Recording XC71575 on Xeno Canto
• Northern Mockingbird - Recording XC538537 on Xeno Canto

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Episode: 5

Summary

This episode is Part 1 of 2 about Bird Songs. 

The voices of birds dominate nature’s soundscape. Bird songs and calls can be heard in almost every environment on the planet. 

In this episode, I’ll cover the characteristics of bird songs and how they are produced. We’ll also get into the question of whether bird songs are learned or instinctual.

Research Citations

• Willow and Alder flycatcher study proving their songs are innate (Kroodsma. 1984. The Auk)

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• Lyrebird singing (YouTube video clip)
• Birdsong for the Curious Naturalist, book by Donald Kroodsma

Attributions

• Superb Lyrebird - Recording XC570705 on Xeno Canto
• Ruffed Grouse drumming - Recording XC132863 on Xeno Canto
• Pileated Woodpecker drumming - Recording XC71727 on Xeno Canto
• Musician Wren singing - Recording XC242524 on Xeno Canto
• Northern Raven 'song' - Recording XC496700 on Xeno Canto
• Willow Flycatcher singing - Recording XC134878 on Xeno Canto
• Alder Flycatcher singing - Recording XC139577 on Xeno Canto
• Brown Thrasher singing - Recording XC320485 on Xeno Canto
• Winter Wren singing - Recording XC142584 on Xeno Canto

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

‍

Episode: 4

Summary

The annual long-distance movements of birds are amazing feats of endurance and navigation.

Learn about the various forms of migration and other annual movements in birds. We’ll cover many concepts related to migration, including timing and orientation, staging areas, and flyways.

Research Citations

• The Beijing Cuckoo Project

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• Pfeilstorch‍

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Episode: 3

Summary

Birds are an incredibly successful and diverse group of animals. 

In this episode, you’ll get an overview of the origin of avian species diversity and its present-day distribution across the planet.

I offer some definitions of ‘biodiversity’ with respect to birds. We’ll discuss why this diversity is important.

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World

Research Citations‍

• Genetic research leading to the species split between the Winter Wren and Pacific Wren (Toews and Irwin. 2008. Molecular Ecology)

Errors and Clarifications
Clarification - 07:25 - I say that the Clements Checklist has 10,721 bird species. This is true. However, this number includes about 160 extinct species. So this means there are 10,561 extant (i.e. living, non-extinct) bird species on the planet today.

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Episode: 2

Summary

Learn about the ways that different bird species compete with each other over food and other resources.

I first talk about the concept of the ecological niche, since this is so important to this episode's topic.

Then, I get into the different forms of competition between bird species and present the possible outcomes of that competition. 

Lastly, I briefly touch on the general approaches that scientists take in studying interspecies competition in birds.

Links to Some Things Mentioned in this Episode

• Project FeederWatch
• eBird
• iNaturalist

Research Citations

• Competition among scavenging birds in Peru (Wallace and Temple. 1987. The Auk)
• Red-winged Blackbirds vs. Yellow-headed Blackbirds (Weller and Spatcher. 1965. Special Report)
• Birdfeeder dominance hierarchy among 136 bird species in North America (Miller et al. 2017. Behavioral Ecology)
• Competition among tits in Swedish Winter (Alatalo et al. 1987. Ecology)

Errors and Clarifications

Error - 23:04 min: I say that the second type of competition between species is "exploitation interference". I meant to say exploitation competition. I make this error repeatedly in this section. My apologies!

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website

Episode: 1

Summary

Learn about the deep evolutionary origin of birds and follow their history up to the great extinction that happened 66 million years ago.

First, I discuss what we mean when we say “bird.” What characteristics separate modern birds from other animal groups?

Then I discuss the evidence—both historical and recent—that scientists have used to determine the evolutionary history of birds. 

Finally, we arrive at the answer of where birds fit on the tree of life.

Research Citations

• Discovery of collagen protein in Tyrannosaurus femur (Asara et al. 2007. Science)‍
• Archaeornithura, the earliest known true ancestor of birds (Wang et al. 2015. Nature Communications)

Errors and Clarifications

Error - 05:39 min: I say that scientists have genome sequences for 'all living birds.' What I meant was that we have genome sequences for representative species within each of the living bird families.

Link to this episode on the Science of Birds website